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雙相不銹鋼焊接的細則

日期:2024-07-11 18:28
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摘要:<span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼焊接的細則</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接問(wèn)題常常與焊縫金屬本身有關(guān),尤其是在全奧氏體或奧氏體占優(yōu)勢的焊縫凝固過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的熱裂紋傾向。對于一般奧氏體不銹鋼,調整填充金屬的成分,使之具有一定的鐵素體含量,</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="一、通用焊接準則"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">一、通用焊接準則</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼和奧氏體不銹鋼的區別</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接問(wèn)題常常與焊縫金屬本身有關(guān),尤其是在全奧氏體或奧氏體占優(yōu)勢的焊縫凝固過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的熱裂紋傾向。對于一般奧氏體不銹鋼,調整填充金屬的成分,使之具有一定的鐵素體含量,可將這些問(wèn)題減至低程度。高合金奧氏體不銹</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">鋼需要使用鎳基填充金屬,奧氏體凝固不可避免,需要通過(guò)降低熱輸入、多道焊來(lái)控制。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">由于雙相不銹鋼鐵素體含量高,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">具有非常好的抗熱裂性,焊接時(shí)很少考慮熱裂。雙相不銹鋼焊接主要的問(wèn)題與熱影響區有關(guān),而不是焊縫金屬。熱影響區的問(wèn)題是耐蝕性及韌性損失或焊后開(kāi)裂。為了避免發(fā)生上述問(wèn)題,焊接工藝的重點(diǎn)是大程度減少在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">“</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">紅熱</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">” </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">溫度范圍總的停留時(shí)間,而不是控制任何一道焊接的熱輸入。經(jīng)驗表明,這種方法可使焊接工藝從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟角度都優(yōu)化。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">這里將給出雙相不銹鋼焊接的一些一般準則,以及這些基本知識和準則在具體焊接方法中的應用。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">1.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">原材料的選擇</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼對焊接的適應性可隨化學(xué)成分和生產(chǎn)工藝的變化而發(fā)生顯著(zhù)變化。已反復強調過(guò)母材含有足量氮的重要性。如果原材料緩慢地冷卻通過(guò)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">700 - 1000</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (1300 - 1800</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">溫度區間,或允許在水淬前空冷通過(guò)該區間一分鐘左右,那么本應留給焊工</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">完成焊接而不產(chǎn)生任何有害相析出的時(shí)間被耗盡。需要注意的是,實(shí)際進(jìn)行加工制造的材料,其成分和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的冶金條件應當與用于焊接工藝評定的材料的質(zhì)量條件相同。此系列文章的</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> “</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">終端用戶(hù)技術(shù)條件和質(zhì)量控制</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">” </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">部分給出了根據成分和合適試驗規范選擇原材料的方法。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">2.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊前清理</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">焊前應清理全部加熱部位,這一要求不僅適用于雙相不銹鋼,而且適用于所有不銹鋼。確定母材和填充金屬化學(xué)成分的前提條件是沒(méi)有額外的污染源。灰塵、油脂、油污、油漆和任何形式的水分都會(huì )干擾焊接操作并對焊件的耐蝕性和力學(xué)性能產(chǎn)生不</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">利影響。如果焊前不對材料進(jìn)行徹底清理,則無(wú)論多少工藝評定均是無(wú)效的。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">3.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">接頭設計</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼的接頭設計必須有助于完全焊透并避免在凝固的焊縫金屬中存在未熔合的母材。好采用機加工而不采用砂輪打磨坡口,以便使焊接區厚度或間隙均勻。必須打磨時(shí),應特別注意坡口加工及其裝配的均勻一致。為了保證完全熔合和焊透,應當去掉任何打磨毛刺。對于奧氏體不銹鋼,有經(jīng)驗的焊工可通過(guò)控制焊炬克服坡口加工的某些缺陷。但對于雙相不銹鋼,這些技巧會(huì )造成材料在有害溫度區間停留時(shí)間比預期的時(shí)間長(cháng),導致結果超出合格工藝要求。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的一些接頭設計如圖</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">18</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">所示。其他設計如能保證焊縫完全焊透且燒穿的危低,則它們也是合理的。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">4.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">預熱</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">由于預熱可能是有害的,所以一般不推薦預熱。如果沒(méi)有特殊正當的理由,不應當把預熱作為一個(gè)工序。若用于消除天冷或夜間冷凝形成的濕氣時(shí),預熱可能是有益的。當采用預熱去除濕氣時(shí),應將鋼均勻地加熱到約</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (200</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">且只能在坡口清理后進(jìn)行。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">5.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">熱輸入與層間溫度</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼能夠容許相對高的熱輸入。焊縫金屬凝固后的雙相組織的抗熱裂性大大優(yōu)于奧氏體焊縫金屬。</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼具有較高的導熱率和較小的熱膨脹系數,焊縫處沒(méi)有像奧氏體不銹鋼那樣高的局部熱應力。盡管有必要對焊縫要求提出嚴格限制,但熱裂紋不是個(gè)常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">極低的熱輸入可導致母材熔合區和熱影響區鐵素體含量過(guò)高,韌性和耐蝕性降低。極高的熱輸入增加了形成金屬間相的危險。為了防止熱影響區的問(wèn)題,焊接工藝規程應允許該區域焊后快速冷卻。工件溫度很重要,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">因為它對熱影響區的冷卻影響大。</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">作為一般準則,經(jīng)濟型和標準雙相不銹鋼的高層間溫度限制在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">150</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (300</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">超級雙相不銹鋼限制在</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">100</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (210</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。進(jìn)行焊接工藝評定時(shí)應采用該限制值,生產(chǎn)性焊接中也應監測以確保層間溫度不高于工藝評定時(shí)所采用的溫度。電子溫度探頭和熱電偶是監控層間溫度較好的手段。在焊接工藝評定中,使多道焊試件的層間溫度低于實(shí)際制造中能夠經(jīng)濟合理地達到的層間溫度,這種做法是不慎重的。進(jìn)行大量焊接時(shí),規劃好焊接工序使各道次間有足夠的冷卻時(shí)間是良好、經(jīng)濟的做法。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">6.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊后熱處理</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼不需要進(jìn)行焊后應力消除處理,且這樣做可能是有害的,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">因為熱處理可</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">使金屬間相</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (700 - 1000°C/1300 - 1830°F) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">或</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> α’ (475</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">/ 885</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">脆性相析出,降低韌性和耐蝕性。焊后熱處理溫度超過(guò)</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">315</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℃</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (600</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">℉</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">會(huì )導致有害相的析出。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼的焊后熱處理應當包括完全固溶退火,然后水淬</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">見(jiàn)表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> 11)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。自熔焊后應考慮完全固溶退火,</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">因為如果在焊接過(guò)程中沒(méi)有采用過(guò)合金化的填充金屬,則顯微組織中鐵素體含量將很高。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">如果焊后打算進(jìn)行完全固溶退火和淬火,例如零部件的制造,則熱處理應視為焊接工藝的一部分。退火處理可解決鐵素體過(guò)多及金屬間相相關(guān)的問(wèn)題,制造工藝允許在終退火處理前存在一些不太如意的中間狀態(tài)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">7.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">理想的相平衡</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">常常說(shuō)雙相不銹鋼的相平衡為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> “50-50”</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,等量的奧氏體與鐵素體。</span></span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;"> </span><span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">然而,嚴格說(shuō)來(lái)這是不正確的,因為現代雙相不銹鋼中鐵素體約為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">40</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> - 50</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%,其余為奧氏體。通常認為,當鐵素體含量至少為</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">25 - 30</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">%、其余為奧氏體時(shí),可以獲得雙相不銹鋼特有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">在一些焊接方法中,特別是以焊劑保護為基礎的方法中,相平衡向奧氏體含量較高的方向調整以改善韌性,補償因焊劑使焊縫氧含量增加引起的韌性損失。這些填充金屬的韌性遠低于鋼板或鋼管固溶處理后可能達到的很高的韌性值,但焊縫金屬的韌性仍足以滿(mǎn)足預期的要求。沒(méi)有一種焊接方法可使焊縫金屬的韌性與鍛軋材完全退火處理后所達到的韌性一樣高。如果將焊縫金屬的鐵素體含量限制在軋鋼廠(chǎng)退火處理的雙相不銹鋼所要求的小值之上,會(huì )對可用的焊接方法形成不必要的限制。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">熱影響區的相平衡,即原始鍛軋鋼板或鋼管加上額外的焊接熱循環(huán),其鐵素體含量通常略高于原始材料。用金相法**測定熱影響區的相平衡幾乎是不可能的。如果該區域鐵素體含量很高,也許說(shuō)明出現過(guò)極快速冷卻的異常情況,從而導致鐵素體含量過(guò)高和韌性降低。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">8.</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">異種金屬的焊接</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼可與其他雙相不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼、碳素鋼和低合金鋼焊接。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">雙相不銹鋼與其他雙相不銹鋼焊接時(shí),通常使用鎳含量高于母材的雙相不銹鋼填充金屬。提高填充金屬的鎳含量可保證焊縫在冷卻過(guò)程中形成足夠的奧氏體。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼焊接時(shí),常使用低碳和鉬含量介于二者之間的奧氏體不銹鋼填充金屬;通常使用</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AWS E 309LMo/ER309LMo</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。雙相不銹鋼與碳素鋼和低合金鋼的焊接一般采用上述同樣的填充金屬或</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AWS E309L/ER309L</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">。如果使用鎳基填充金屬,則它們不應當含有鈮。由于奧氏體不銹鋼的強度比雙相不銹鋼低,故使用奧氏體不銹鋼填充金屬的焊接接頭不如雙相不銹鋼母材強度高。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">16</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">歸納了雙相不銹鋼與異種金屬焊接時(shí)常用的填充金屬。這些例子給出了</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">AWS</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">焊條牌號</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (E)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,但是根據焊接工藝、接頭形狀和其他條件的不同,可考慮采用焊絲</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (AWS</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">牌號</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">ER) </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">和藥芯焊絲。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">表</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">16 </span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">異種金屬焊接用焊接材料</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <a name="二、焊接工藝評定"></a><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">二、焊接工藝評定</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-size:small;"><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">對于標準奧氏體不銹鋼,焊接工藝評定試驗是相當簡(jiǎn)單的,僅進(jìn)行一定數量的試驗以證明材料、焊材和焊接方法是合格的。這些評定試驗包括硬度試驗和彎曲試驗</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> (</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">分別檢驗馬氏體和熱裂</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,反映了長(cháng)期使用鐵素體、馬氏體或奧氏體不銹鋼時(shí)可能出現的問(wèn)題。雙相不銹鋼滿(mǎn)足這些要求沒(méi)有困難,但是這些試驗不可能發(fā)現雙相不銹鋼中可能出現的金屬間相或過(guò)量鐵素體問(wèn)題。同時(shí),由于需要限制在熱影響區溫度范圍內的總時(shí)間,雙相不銹鋼的性能將對截面厚度和實(shí)際焊接操作的細節很敏感。因此,必須廣義地考慮</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US"> “</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">評定</span><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';"><span lang="EN-US">”</span></span><span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">,即證明在制過(guò)程中將使用的焊接工藝不會(huì )導致材料的工程特性,特別是韌性和耐蝕性出現不可接受的損失。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span style="font-family:宋體;mso-ascii-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;mso-hansi-font-family:&quot;Times New Roman&quot;;"><span style="font-size:small;">對每種厚度和形狀的焊接都進(jìn)行焊接工藝評定是比較保險的做法,因為方案上的微小差別在實(shí)際制造結果中差別可能很大。然而,實(shí)際加工的復雜性使得這樣的試驗成本很高。如果每種焊接方法對厚斷面進(jìn)行焊接工藝評定,則可達到節約的目的。</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span> <p style="margin:0cm 0cm 0pt;"> <span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman';font-size:small;">&nbsp;</span></span> </p> <span style="font-family:宋體;font-size:small;"> </span>

雙相不銹鋼焊接的細則

奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接問(wèn)題常常與焊縫金屬本身有關(guān),尤其是在全奧氏體或奧氏體占優(yōu)勢的焊縫凝固過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的熱裂紋傾向。對于一般奧氏體不銹鋼,調整填充金屬的成分,使之具有一定的鐵素體含量,

一、通用焊接準則

雙相不銹鋼和奧氏體不銹鋼的區別

奧氏體不銹鋼的焊接問(wèn)題常常與焊縫金屬本身有關(guān),尤其是在全奧氏體或奧氏體占優(yōu)勢的焊縫凝固過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的熱裂紋傾向。對于一般奧氏體不銹鋼,調整填充金屬的成分,使之具有一定的鐵素體含量,可將這些問(wèn)題減至低程度。高合金奧氏體不銹 鋼需要使用鎳基填充金屬,奧氏體凝固不可避免,需要通過(guò)降低熱輸入、多道焊來(lái)控制。

由于雙相不銹鋼鐵素體含量高, 具有非常好的抗熱裂性,焊接時(shí)很少考慮熱裂。雙相不銹鋼焊接主要的問(wèn)題與熱影響區有關(guān),而不是焊縫金屬。熱影響區的問(wèn)題是耐蝕性及韌性損失或焊后開(kāi)裂。為了避免發(fā)生上述問(wèn)題,焊接工藝的重點(diǎn)是大程度減少在紅熱溫度范圍總的停留時(shí)間,而不是控制任何一道焊接的熱輸入。經(jīng)驗表明,這種方法可使焊接工藝從技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟角度都優(yōu)化。

這里將給出雙相不銹鋼焊接的一些一般準則,以及這些基本知識和準則在具體焊接方法中的應用。

1.原材料的選擇

雙相不銹鋼對焊接的適應性可隨化學(xué)成分和生產(chǎn)工藝的變化而發(fā)生顯著(zhù)變化。已反復強調過(guò)母材含有足量氮的重要性。如果原材料緩慢地冷卻通過(guò)700 - 1000 (1300 - 1800) 溫度區間,或允許在水淬前空冷通過(guò)該區間一分鐘左右,那么本應留給焊工 完成焊接而不產(chǎn)生任何有害相析出的時(shí)間被耗盡。需要注意的是,實(shí)際進(jìn)行加工制造的材料,其成分和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的冶金條件應當與用于焊接工藝評定的材料的質(zhì)量條件相同。此系列文章的終端用戶(hù)技術(shù)條件和質(zhì)量控制部分給出了根據成分和合適試驗規范選擇原材料的方法。

2.焊前清理

焊前應清理全部加熱部位,這一要求不僅適用于雙相不銹鋼,而且適用于所有不銹鋼。確定母材和填充金屬化學(xué)成分的前提條件是沒(méi)有額外的污染源。灰塵、油脂、油污、油漆和任何形式的水分都會(huì )干擾焊接操作并對焊件的耐蝕性和力學(xué)性能產(chǎn)生不 利影響。如果焊前不對材料進(jìn)行徹底清理,則無(wú)論多少工藝評定均是無(wú)效的。

3.接頭設計

雙相不銹鋼的接頭設計必須有助于完全焊透并避免在凝固的焊縫金屬中存在未熔合的母材。好采用機加工而不采用砂輪打磨坡口,以便使焊接區厚度或間隙均勻。必須打磨時(shí),應特別注意坡口加工及其裝配的均勻一致。為了保證完全熔合和焊透,應當去掉任何打磨毛刺。對于奧氏體不銹鋼,有經(jīng)驗的焊工可通過(guò)控制焊炬克服坡口加工的某些缺陷。但對于雙相不銹鋼,這些技巧會(huì )造成材料在有害溫度區間停留時(shí)間比預期的時(shí)間長(cháng),導致結果超出合格工藝要求。

雙相不銹鋼的一些接頭設計如圖18所示。其他設計如能保證焊縫完全焊透且燒穿的危低,則它們也是合理的。

4.預熱

由于預熱可能是有害的,所以一般不推薦預熱。如果沒(méi)有特殊正當的理由,不應當把預熱作為一個(gè)工序。若用于消除天冷或夜間冷凝形成的濕氣時(shí),預熱可能是有益的。當采用預熱去除濕氣時(shí),應將鋼均勻地加熱到約100 (200) 且只能在坡口清理后進(jìn)行。

5.熱輸入與層間溫度

雙相不銹鋼能夠容許相對高的熱輸入。焊縫金屬凝固后的雙相組織的抗熱裂性大大優(yōu)于奧氏體焊縫金屬。 雙相不銹鋼具有較高的導熱率和較小的熱膨脹系數,焊縫處沒(méi)有像奧氏體不銹鋼那樣高的局部熱應力。盡管有必要對焊縫要求提出嚴格限制,但熱裂紋不是個(gè)常見(jiàn)的問(wèn)題。

極低的熱輸入可導致母材熔合區和熱影響區鐵素體含量過(guò)高,韌性和耐蝕性降低。極高的熱輸入增加了形成金屬間相的危險。為了防止熱影響區的問(wèn)題,焊接工藝規程應允許該區域焊后快速冷卻。工件溫度很重要, 因為它對熱影響區的冷卻影響大。 作為一般準則,經(jīng)濟型和標準雙相不銹鋼的高層間溫度限制在150 (300) 超級雙相不銹鋼限制在100 (210)。進(jìn)行焊接工藝評定時(shí)應采用該限制值,生產(chǎn)性焊接中也應監測以確保層間溫度不高于工藝評定時(shí)所采用的溫度。電子溫度探頭和熱電偶是監控層間溫度較好的手段。在焊接工藝評定中,使多道焊試件的層間溫度低于實(shí)際制造中能夠經(jīng)濟合理地達到的層間溫度,這種做法是不慎重的。進(jìn)行大量焊接時(shí),規劃好焊接工序使各道次間有足夠的冷卻時(shí)間是良好、經(jīng)濟的做法。

6.焊后熱處理

雙相不銹鋼不需要進(jìn)行焊后應力消除處理,且這樣做可能是有害的, 因為熱處理可 使金屬間相 (700 - 1000°C/1300 - 1830°F) α’ (475/ 885) 脆性相析出,降低韌性和耐蝕性。焊后熱處理溫度超過(guò)315 (600) 會(huì )導致有害相的析出。

雙相不銹鋼的焊后熱處理應當包括完全固溶退火,然后水淬 (見(jiàn)表 11)。自熔焊后應考慮完全固溶退火, 因為如果在焊接過(guò)程中沒(méi)有采用過(guò)合金化的填充金屬,則顯微組織中鐵素體含量將很高。

如果焊后打算進(jìn)行完全固溶退火和淬火,例如零部件的制造,則熱處理應視為焊接工藝的一部分。退火處理可解決鐵素體過(guò)多及金屬間相相關(guān)的問(wèn)題,制造工藝允許在終退火處理前存在一些不太如意的中間狀態(tài)。

7.理想的相平衡

常常說(shuō)雙相不銹鋼的相平衡為 “50-50”,等量的奧氏體與鐵素體。 然而,嚴格說(shuō)來(lái)這是不正確的,因為現代雙相不銹鋼中鐵素體約為40 - 50%,其余為奧氏體。通常認為,當鐵素體含量至少為25 - 30%、其余為奧氏體時(shí),可以獲得雙相不銹鋼特有的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

在一些焊接方法中,特別是以焊劑保護為基礎的方法中,相平衡向奧氏體含量較高的方向調整以改善韌性,補償因焊劑使焊縫氧含量增加引起的韌性損失。這些填充金屬的韌性遠低于鋼板或鋼管固溶處理后可能達到的很高的韌性值,但焊縫金屬的韌性仍足以滿(mǎn)足預期的要求。沒(méi)有一種焊接方法可使焊縫金屬的韌性與鍛軋材完全退火處理后所達到的韌性一樣高。如果將焊縫金屬的鐵素體含量限制在軋鋼廠(chǎng)退火處理的雙相不銹鋼所要求的小值之上,會(huì )對可用的焊接方法形成不必要的限制。

熱影響區的相平衡,即原始鍛軋鋼板或鋼管加上額外的焊接熱循環(huán),其鐵素體含量通常略高于原始材料。用金相法**測定熱影響區的相平衡幾乎是不可能的。如果該區域鐵素體含量很高,也許說(shuō)明出現過(guò)極快速冷卻的異常情況,從而導致鐵素體含量過(guò)高和韌性降低。

8.異種金屬的焊接

雙相不銹鋼可與其他雙相不銹鋼、奧氏體不銹鋼、碳素鋼和低合金鋼焊接。

雙相不銹鋼與其他雙相不銹鋼焊接時(shí),通常使用鎳含量高于母材的雙相不銹鋼填充金屬。提高填充金屬的鎳含量可保證焊縫在冷卻過(guò)程中形成足夠的奧氏體。

雙相不銹鋼與奧氏體不銹鋼焊接時(shí),常使用低碳和鉬含量介于二者之間的奧氏體不銹鋼填充金屬;通常使用AWS E 309LMo/ER309LMo。雙相不銹鋼與碳素鋼和低合金鋼的焊接一般采用上述同樣的填充金屬或AWS E309L/ER309L。如果使用鎳基填充金屬,則它們不應當含有鈮。由于奧氏體不銹鋼的強度比雙相不銹鋼低,故使用奧氏體不銹鋼填充金屬的焊接接頭不如雙相不銹鋼母材強度高。

16歸納了雙相不銹鋼與異種金屬焊接時(shí)常用的填充金屬。這些例子給出了AWS焊條牌號 (E),但是根據焊接工藝、接頭形狀和其他條件的不同,可考慮采用焊絲 (AWS牌號ER) 和藥芯焊絲。

16 異種金屬焊接用焊接材料

二、焊接工藝評定

對于標準奧氏體不銹鋼,焊接工藝評定試驗是相當簡(jiǎn)單的,僅進(jìn)行一定數量的試驗以證明材料、焊材和焊接方法是合格的。這些評定試驗包括硬度試驗和彎曲試驗 (分別檢驗馬氏體和熱裂),反映了長(cháng)期使用鐵素體、馬氏體或奧氏體不銹鋼時(shí)可能出現的問(wèn)題。雙相不銹鋼滿(mǎn)足這些要求沒(méi)有困難,但是這些試驗不可能發(fā)現雙相不銹鋼中可能出現的金屬間相或過(guò)量鐵素體問(wèn)題。同時(shí),由于需要限制在熱影響區溫度范圍內的總時(shí)間,雙相不銹鋼的性能將對截面厚度和實(shí)際焊接操作的細節很敏感。因此,必須廣義地考慮評定,即證明在制過(guò)程中將使用的焊接工藝不會(huì )導致材料的工程特性,特別是韌性和耐蝕性出現不可接受的損失。

對每種厚度和形狀的焊接都進(jìn)行焊接工藝評定是比較保險的做法,因為方案上的微小差別在實(shí)際制造結果中差別可能很大。然而,實(shí)際加工的復雜性使得這樣的試驗成本很高。如果每種焊接方法對厚斷面進(jìn)行焊接工藝評定,則可達到節約的目的。

 

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